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| - !!! Sparrow |
| + !!! Sparrow |
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| - Sparrow ontologies, like description-logic ontologies, define concepts, roles, and individuals. |
| + Sparrow, like description logics, represent ontologies using concepts, roles, and individuals. We desribe each of these below. |
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| - !! Basic Concept Definitions |
| + !! Concepts |
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| - Concepts in sparrow are defined using ''sentences.'' For instance, we can introduce a new concept called 'Vegetarian' into an ontology using the following sentence. |
| + In sparrow, concepts are defined using ''sentences.'' For instance, we can introduce a new concept called 'Vegetarian' using the following sentence. |
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| - This sentence simply states that the term 'Vegetarian' is a concept. In the above sentence, the term 'concept' is a reserved word. Concepts definitions can be further elaborated using ''concept axioms.'' Consider the following sentence. |
| + This sentence simply states that the 'Vegetarian' is a concept. Note that the term 'concept' is a reserved word in the sparrow language. A concept can be further elaborated using ''concept axioms,'' which are essentially more complex sentences of a restricted form. Consider the following example. |
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| - concept Animal kind_of Organism |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
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| - This sentence states that the concept 'Animal' is a sub-concept of the concept 'Organism'. In other words, every animal is an organism. The term 'kind_of' is a reserved word (sometimes referred to as "isa"). Both 'Animal' and 'Organism' are asserted as being concepts by this sentence. The sentence is equivalent to the following three sparrow sentences. |
| + This sentence states that 'Animal' is a subconcept of 'Organism'. In other words, every animal is an organism. The term 'kind-of' is a reserved word (sometimes referred to as "is-a"). The sentence is considered an axiom because it is asserting a rule, or relationship, that is assumed to hold between 'Animal' and 'Organism'. Namely, that being an animal implies being an organism. |
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| + Both 'Animal' and 'Organism' are asserted as being concepts by this sentence. The sentence is equivalent to the following three sparrow sentences. |
| + |
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| - concept Animal kind_of Organism. |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
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| - concept Animal kind_of Organism |
| - concept Animal kind_of not Plant |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
| + concept Animal kind-of not Plant |
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| - concept Animal kind_of Organism and not Plant |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism and not Plant |
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| - Here, the terms 'and' and 'not' are sparrow reserved words. The sentence states that an animal is an organism but not a plant. |
| + Here the terms 'and' and 'not' are sparrow reserved words. The sentence states that an animal is an organism but not a plant. For convenience, 'and' can be replaced by the term 'but', for example: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism but not Plant |
| + }}} |
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| - CONCEPT animal KIND_OF organism AND NOT plant |
| + CONCEPT animal KIND-OF organism BUT NOT plant |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Another type of concept axiom that can be expressed in sparrow is equivalence among concepts. For example, consider the following sentence. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Human same-as Person |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + This sentence asserts that 'Human' and 'Person' denote the same concept. |
| + |
| + |
| + !! Roles |
| + |
| + A more complex example ... |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Macromolecule same-as Molecule that contains at-least 100 Atom |
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| - !!! Complex Concept Definitions |
| + |
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| + !! Individuals |
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| + |
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| - import yourOnt 'http://seek.ecoinformatic.org/ontology2#' |
| + import yourOnt 'http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/ontology2#' |
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| + !!! Sparrow Reserved Wordsf |
| + |
| + ||reserved word||variant |
| + | and | but, that |
