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| - Sparrow is a description-logic variant that is meant as a "lightweight" alternative to RDF/S and OWL for defining ontologies. This document describes the syntax of sparrow. |
| + Sparrow is a description-logic syntax that is meant as a "lightweight" alternative to RDF/S and OWL for defining ontologies. This document details the sparrow syntax. Note that in terms of expressivity, sparrow lies between RDF/S and OWL-DL. |
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| - !!! Sparrow |
| + !!! Sparrow |
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| - Sparrow ontologies, like description-logic ontologies, define concepts, roles, individuals, and properties. |
| + Sparrow, like description logics, represent ontologies using concepts, roles, and individuals. We desribe each of these below. |
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| - !! Basics: Simple Concept Definitions |
| + !! Concepts |
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| - Concepts in sparrow are defined using sentences. For instance, we can introduce a new concept called 'vegetarian' into an ontology using the following sentence. |
| + In sparrow, concepts are defined using ''sentences.'' For instance, we can introduce a new concept called 'Vegetarian' using the following sentence. |
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| - concept vegetarian. |
| + concept Vegetarian |
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| - This sentence simply states that the term 'vegetarian' is a concept. Instead, we can give more details by defining concepts. |
| + This sentence simply states that the 'Vegetarian' is a concept. Note that the term 'concept' is a reserved word in the sparrow language. A concept can be further elaborated using ''concept axioms,'' which are essentially more complex sentences of a restricted form. Consider the following example. |
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| - concept animal is_a organism. |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
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| - This sentence states that the term 'animal' is a sub-concept of the concept 'organism'. In other words, every animal is an organism. Both 'animal' and 'organism' are asserted as being concepts by this sentence. The sentence is equivalent to the following three sparrow sentences. |
| + This sentence states that 'Animal' is a subconcept of 'Organism'. In other words, every animal is an organism. The term 'kind-of' is a reserved word (sometimes referred to as "is-a"). The sentence is considered an axiom because it is asserting a rule, or relationship, that is assumed to hold between 'Animal' and 'Organism'. Namely, that being an animal implies being an organism. |
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| + Both 'Animal' and 'Organism' are asserted as being concepts by this sentence. The sentence is equivalent to the following three sparrow sentences. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Organism |
| + concept Animal |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Multiple sentences defining the same concept can be combined through conjunction (and). For example, the sentences: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism |
| + concept Animal kind-of not Plant |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + can be combined into the sentence: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism and not Plant |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Here the terms 'and' and 'not' are sparrow reserved words. The sentence states that an animal is an organism but not a plant. For convenience, 'and' can be replaced by the term 'but', for example: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + concept Animal kind-of Organism but not Plant |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Capitalization is not important in sparrow, thus the previous sentence is equivalent to: |
| + |
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| - concept organism. |
| - concept animal. |
| - concept animal is_a organism. |
| + CONCEPT animal KIND-OF organism BUT NOT plant |
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| - Multiple sentences about the same concept are combined through conjunction (and). For example, the sentences: |
| + Another type of concept axiom that can be expressed in sparrow is equivalence among concepts. For example, consider the following sentence. |
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| - concept organism. |
| - concept animal. |
| - concept plant. |
| - concept animal is_a organism. |
| - concept animal is_a not plant. |
| + concept Human same-as Person |
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| - can be combined into the equivalent sentence: |
| + This sentence asserts that 'Human' and 'Person' denote the same concept. |
| + |
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| + !! Roles |
| + |
| + A more complex example ... |
| + |
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| - concept animal is_a organism and not plant. |
| + concept Macromolecule same-as Molecule that contains at-least 100 Atom |
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| - In other words, an animal is an organism but not a plant. |
| + |
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| + !! Individuals |
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| + |
| + |
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| - A sparrow ontology consists of one or more sparrow sentences. The following two sentences define |
| + A sparrow ontology is made up of a set of sparrow sentences. Typically an ontology would be stored in a single file, however, a file could conceivable store multiple ontologies. An ontology is started with the 'ontology' reserved word. An ontology can import definitions from other ontologies. The following example starts an ontology definition and imports an external ontology. |
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| - sparrow define myOnt uri 'http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/#myOnt' |
| - sparrow import yourOnt uri 'http://seek.ecoinformatic.org/#yourOnt' |
| + ontology myOnt 'http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/ontology1#' |
| + import yourOnt 'http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/ontology2#' |
| + |
| + ... |
| + |
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| + |
| + !!! Sparrow Reserved Wordsf |
| + |
| + ||reserved word||variant |
| + | and | but, that |
