| At line 1 added 1 line. |
| + |
| Lines 4-5 were replaced by lines 5-6 |
| - It is a __DRAFT DESIGN DOCUMENT__ and does not reflect functionality as it |
| - currently exists in Kepler or SEEK. Comments and feedback are appreciated. |
| + It is a __DRAFT DESIGN DOCUMENT__ and does not reflect functionality as it currently exists in Kepler or SEEK. Comments and feedback are appreciated (see [Comments Page|KRSMSSemanticAnnotationComments]). |
| + |
| Line 9 was replaced by lines 10-27 |
| - This page describes an interchange syntax that can be used to express semantics types. |
| + __Semantic annotations__ leverage __ontologies__ to describe the conceptual aspects of structured __resources__, e.g., information sources such as data sets and services (workflows, actors, and web-services). Each resource is assumed to have a well defined schema that describes the structure of associated data (in the case of services, e.g., inputs and outputs). In addition to providing metadata for resources, ontology-based semantic annotations can enable improved discovery and integration of data. |
| + |
| + Properly describing the semantics of a resource often requires "fine-grain" annotation, in which different parts of the resource are |
| + annotated with distinct semantic information, possibly including the assertion of semantic relations among the parts. The challenge is to provide an appropriate language for accessing, annotating, and relating portions of resources. This technical note describes basic aspects of __semantic annotation templates__, which are designed to support these fine-grain resource annotations. |
| + |
| + We use an XML-based language for representing semantic annotations, in which annotations take the form: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <annotation id="..."> |
| + <!-- header --> |
| + <resource label="R" uri="http://resources.org/resource" type="..."/> |
| + <ontology label="ont" uri="http://ontologies.org/ont"/> |
| + ... |
| + <!-- annotation assertions --> |
| + ontology instantiation templates |
| + ... |
| + </annotation> |
| + }}} |
| At line 10 added 2 lines. |
| + The resources being annotated and the ontologies used for annotation are assigned labels in the annotation header. For the case |
| + of ontologies, we typically refer to these labels as __prefixes__. Ontologies are assumed to be expressed using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Annotation headers may also include information concerning who the author of the annotation is, when the annotation was created, who manages the annotation, and so on. The template information, which is the focus of this technical note, specifes fine-grain semantic annotations as mappings from resources to instances of the ontologies listed in the header. |
| Line 12 was replaced by lines 32-33 |
| - !!! KR/SMS Semantic Types |
| + This technical note gives an introduction to semantic annotation templates. Section 2 provides a short overview of annotation templates, and Section 3 gives a more detailed explanation. A number of the terms introduced in this technical note are defined in the Glossary at the end of the document. Following the Glossary is a list of footnotes. Some |
| + familiarity with [RDF|http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax], [OWL|http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/], and basic [First-Order Logic|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic] is assumed. |
| Line 14 was replaced by line 35 |
| - A __semantic type__ classifies and constrains the semantic, as opposed to structural interpretation of a __resource__. Datasets, actors (also known as services), and actor input and output ports are examples of resources that may have semantic types within SEEK. |
| + !!! 2 Overview of Annotation Templates |
| Line 16 was replaced by line 37 |
| - A semantic type is expressed as a set of __semantic annotations__. The purpose of a semantic annotation is to assign objects of a resource a "meaning" using ontology terms. A semantic annotation serves to "link" a portion of a resource to a portion of an ontology. In this way, the semantic interpretation of a resource (its semantic type) is built from the annotation of its parts. |
| + An annotation template consists of one or more __instantiation patterns__ for constructing OWL individuals from resources. Instantiation patterns are typically based on (or driven by) resource structure and content. |
| Line 18 was replaced by line 39 |
| - Semantic types can be expressed using the following XML representation. |
| + The simplest form of an instantiation pattern is: |
| Lines 21-23 were replaced by lines 42-126 |
| - <sms:SemanticType id="..." xmlns:sms="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/sms"> |
| - |
| - <sms:Label name="..." resource="..."/> |
| + <individual type="ont:C"/> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + This expression creates a single, unique instance of the {{C}} class in the ontology refered to by {{ont}} (assumed to be an ontology prefix defined in the annotation header). The OWL document that results from running (executing) the pattern is: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <rdf:RDF xmlns="local-ns" ...> |
| + <owl:Ontology rdf:about="">; |
| + <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://ontologies.org/ont"/> |
| + </owl:Ontology> |
| + |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id1"/> |
| + |
| + </rdf:RDF> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + In this example, the pattern maps the resources given in the annotation to a single OWL individual[1]. Note that the identifier for the instance above is generated automatically as a result of executing the pattern[2]. |
| + |
| + A more common use of templates is to relate data values in a resource to class instances in the ontology. Assume we are annotating a relational table labeled {{R}} with attributes {{x}}, {{y}}, and {{z}}[3]. The following pattern, which uses a {{foreach}} attribute, creates an instance of class {{C}} for every unique value of {{x}} in the dataset. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R create |
| + an instance of C." In this example, the term "R.x" is a __resource variable__. Executing this pattern results in the following document, assuming there are __n__ |
| + unique values of {{x}} in {{R}}[4]. As above, identifiers are generated as a result of |
| + executing the pattern over {{R}}. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <rdf:RDF xmlns="local-ns" ...> |
| + <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> |
| + <owl:imports rdf:resource="http://ontologies.org/ont"/> |
| + </owl:Ontology> |
| + |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id-val1"/> |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id-val2"/> |
| + ... |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id-valn"/> |
| + |
| + </rdf:RDF> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Note that this document has a different namespace than the |
| + corresponding ontology(ies), but imports the ontologies referenced in |
| + the annotation header. Thus, the individuals listed in this document |
| + are treated as distinct from the ontology itself, but OWL-based tools |
| + (such as Protege or a description-logic reasoner) can display and |
| + reason over the individuals as though they were part of the original |
| + ontology. |
| + |
| + We use rules expressed in first-order logic to formalize how |
| + instantiation patterns should be interpreted[5]. For |
| + example, the first-order logic rule for the above pattern is: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p1(x) -> triple(u, rdfs:type, ont:C). |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + Here, the predicate {{triple}} asserts an RDF triple |
| + (with subject, property, value), and {{id_p1}} is a (Skolem) |
| + function mapping values into identifiers. The function |
| + {{id_p1}} is meant to apply only within this rule, where p1 |
| + stands for "pattern 1." We say in this case that each {{x}} |
| + value of {{R}} constitues a particular {{C}}. |
| + |
| + There are a number of additional features of instantiation |
| + patterns for describing fine-grain semantic annotations. These |
| + features are discussed in more detail in the next section. |
| + |
| + |
| + <a name="section3"></a> |
| + <h2>3. Template Instantiation Patterns</h2> |
| + |
| + !!3.1 Individuals |
| + |
| + __Iteration.__ More than one variable can be given in a |
| + {{foreach}} expression. For example, the following pattern |
| + creates an instance of {{C}} for every unique pair of |
| + {{x}} and {{y}} values occurring together in tuples |
| + of {{R}}. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.y"/> |
| + }}} |
| Line 25 was replaced by lines 128-130 |
| - ... |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x, y (tuple) value |
| + pair of R, create an instance of C." The corresponding first-order |
| + rule for this pattern is: |
| Line 27 was replaced by lines 132-199 |
| - <sms:Annotation object="..." meaning="..."/> |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p2(x, y) -> triple(u, rdfs:type, ont:C). |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + In this example, we say that each {{x,y}} value |
| + constitutes a particular {{C}}. |
| + |
| + Resource labels (such as {{R}}) in annotations are used |
| + in a similar way as tuple variables (i.e., "range variables") in |
| + SQL. In particular, a different label can be applied to the same |
| + resource in an annotation header. For example, if {{R1}} and |
| + {{R2}} are both labels for the {{Employee}} |
| + relation, the iteration expression "{{R1.x, R2.x}}" is |
| + equivalent to the SQL cross-product projection: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + SELECT DISTINCT R1.x, R2.x |
| + FROM Employee R1, Employee R2 |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + In a similar way, one can view {{foreach}} expressions as |
| + group constructors, similar to the {{GROUP BY}} clause in |
| + SQL. |
| + |
| + __Conditions.__ Conditions can be added to restrict the |
| + application of a pattern. For example, the following pattern restricts |
| + the creation of {{C}} instances based on positive values of |
| + {{x}}. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.y" if="R.x>0"/> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x, y (tuple) value |
| + pair of R in which x is greater than 0, create an instance of C." The |
| + corresponding first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), x>0, u=id_p3(x, y) -> triple(u, rdfs:type, ont:C). |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + In general, conditions are Boolean expressions of the form |
| + {{term op term}}, where a {{term}} is a constant or |
| + variable (such as {{R.x}} or the value {{5}}), and |
| + {{op}} is a Boolean operator such as {{<}}, |
| + {{>}}, {{<=}}, {{>=}}, or |
| + {{=}}. |
| + |
| + As with {{foreach}} expressions, {{if}} |
| + expressions can be given as a conjunction of comma-separated |
| + conditions. Further, condition expressions may contain resource |
| + variables that are outside the condition's __<a |
| + href="#context">iteration context</a>__, i.e., the set of variables |
| + (or particular bindings of the variables) used in the condition's |
| + corresponding {{foreach}} expression. Note that any given |
| + binding of {{foreach}} variables may have many associated |
| + values for an "out-of-context" variable. For these cases, the |
| + {{if}} expression is satisfied whenever the condition is true |
| + for any one of these values (i.e., similar to the {{ANY}} |
| + keyword in SQL). |
| + |
| + |
| + !!3.2 Object Properties |
| + |
| + A {{property}} expression assigns OWL properties to |
| + corresponding individuals within an instantiation pattern. For |
| + example, the following pattern creates instances of {{C}} |
| + containing properties {{P}}: |
| Line 29 was replaced by lines 201-231 |
| - ... |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" valuetype="ont:D"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| + |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has a property P to an instance of D." Executing |
| + this pattern results in the following document, assuming there are |
| + __n__ unique values of {{x}} in {{R}}[6]. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <rdf:RDF xmlns="local-ns" ...> |
| + <owl:Ontology rdf:about=""> |
| + <owl:imports rdf:resource="htt://ontologies.org/ont"/> |
| + </owl:Ontology> |
| + |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id-val1"> |
| + <ont:P> |
| + <ont:D/> |
| + </ont:P> |
| + </ont:C> |
| + ... |
| + <ont:C rdf:ID="id-valn"> |
| + <ont:P> |
| + <ont:D/> |
| + </ont:P> |
| + </ont:C> |
| + |
| + </rdf:RDF> |
| + }}} |
| Line 31 was replaced by line 233 |
| - <sms:Definitions> ... </sms:Definitions> |
| + The first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| Line 33 was replaced by lines 235-238 |
| - </sms:SemanticType> |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p4(x) -> (Ev) triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C'), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, v), |
| + triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D'). |
| Line 36 was replaced by lines 241-250 |
| - Semantic types can be uniquely identified. The unique identifier of a semantic type can be stated using the {{id}} attribute of the {{SemanticType}} element. An identifier is (preferably) expressed as a Life-Science Identifer (LSID) in which the semantic type is managed as an LSID data object. Alternatively, if a semantic type is embedded within a document, the semantic-type id can be expressed as a fragment identifier (for example, when used within EML). |
| + Note that in this rule, {{v}} is existentially |
| + quantified, which we assume is interpreted as an RDF anonymous |
| + identifier. Alternatively, we could have introduced a new Skolem |
| + function over {{x}} values (similar to {{id_p4}}) |
| + for generating the appropriate {{D}} identifiers. |
| + |
| + __Nested Properties.__ Property expressions corresponding to |
| + OWL object properties can be arbitrarily nested within instantiation |
| + patterns. For example, the following pattern further elaborates the |
| + {{D}} instances above with {{Q}} properties: |
| Line 38 was replaced by lines 252-258 |
| - As shown above, a semantic type consists of a set of labels and annotations as well as an optional set of definitions. The rest of this page describes these components. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" valuetype="ont:D"> |
| + <property type="ont:Q" valuetype="ont:E"/> |
| + </property> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| At line 39 added 12 lines. |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has a property P to an instance of D such that |
| + the D instance has a property Q to an instance of E." The first-order |
| + rule for this pattern is: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p5(x) -> (Evw) triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, v), |
| + triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D) |
| + triple(v, ont:Q, w), |
| + triple(w, rdf:type, ont:E). |
| + }}} |
| At line 40 added 3 lines. |
| + __Multiple Properties.__ Individuals can be assigned more than |
| + one property. The following pattern assigns two properties |
| + {{P1}} and {{P2}}. |
| At line 41 added 6 lines. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P1" valuetype="ont:D1"/> |
| + <property type="ont:P2" valuetype="ont:D2"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 44 was replaced by lines 285-294 |
| - !! Semantic-Type Labels |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has two properties, P1 to an instance of D1, and |
| + P2 to an instance of D2." The first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p6(x) -> (Evw) triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P1, v), |
| + triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D1) |
| + triple(u, ont:P2, w), |
| + triple(w, rdf:type, ont:D2). |
| + }}} |
| Removed line 46 |
| - Labels within a semantic-type description provide a mechanism to identify and name the resources and ontology terms used in the corresponding annotations. In a {{Label}} element, the value of the {{name}} attribute is assigned to the associated resource identified by the value of the {{resource}} attribute. Each {{Label}} element is required to have exactly one {{name}} and {{resource}} attribute. A {{SemanticType}} element must contain at least two {{Label}} elements: one identifying an actor or dataset and the other identifying an ontology term. Further, no two {{Label}} elements within a semantic type may have the same {{name}} attribute value. |
| Line 48 was replaced by lines 297-299 |
| - The first label shown below associates a dataset to the name {{crops}} and the second label associates an ontology concept to the name {{Biomass}}. |
| + The general form of a pattern consists of an |
| + {{individual}} expression, followed by any number of |
| + (possibly nested) {{property}} expressions: |
| Line 51 was replaced by lines 302-308 |
| - <sms:Label name="crops" resource="KBS019-003"/> |
| + <individual type="..." foreach="..." if="..." ...> |
| + <property type="..." ...> |
| + ... nested property expressions ... |
| + </property> |
| + ... additional property expressions ... |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 53 was replaced by lines 310-343 |
| - <sms:Label name="Biomass" resource="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/seek/ontos/DefaultOnto#Biomass"/> |
| + The additional attributes of {{individual}} and |
| + {{property}} statements are described further below (as well |
| + as in the footnotes). |
| + |
| + !!3.3 Datatype Properties |
| + |
| + The examples so far assume the use of OWL object properties, whose |
| + ranges (i.e., what the properties "point" to) are individuals. Here we |
| + describe support for annotating to datatype properties, in which |
| + ranges are assumed to be atomic data values (e.g., strings, integers, |
| + or doubles). |
| + |
| + Datatype {{property}} statements use the attribute |
| + {{value}} instead of {{valuetype}}. In general, a |
| + {{value}} attribute is used to assign a specific data value |
| + or individual identifier to a property, whereas a |
| + {{valuetype}} attribute is used to give the type of the |
| + individual linked to the property. Thus, {{valuetype}} |
| + attributes are used exclusively for object properties, and |
| + {{value}} attributes can be used for assigning both object |
| + and datatype properties. {{Property}} statements that use a |
| + {{value}} attribute (for either an object or datatype |
| + property) cannot be further nested. |
| + |
| + __Constants.__ One use of a datatype property annotation is for |
| + assigning constant values to each corresponding individual generated |
| + by a pattern. For example, the following pattern assigns a |
| + property {{P}} with the value {{5}} to each |
| + generated {{C}} instance. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="5"/> |
| + </individual> |
| At line 55 added 3 lines. |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has a property P with the value 5." The |
| + corresponding first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| At line 56 added 4 lines. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p7(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, 5). |
| + }}} |
| At line 57 added 10 lines. |
| + __Resource Values.__ Another common use of datatype property |
| + annotations is for capturing associated resource values. For example, |
| + the following pattern assigns each instance a property {{P}} |
| + whose value is taken from the resource variable {{x}}. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="$R.x"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 59 was replaced by lines 366-370 |
| - !! Semantic Annotations |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has a property P with the value x." Note that |
| + the symbol '$' is used to distinguish references to resource values |
| + from constants. The corresponding first-order rule for this pattern |
| + is: |
| Line 61 was replaced by lines 372-375 |
| - An annotation asserts that an object of a resource has a particular meaning according to definitions within an ontology. The {{object}} and {{meaning}} attributes of an {{Annotation}} element relate the object and ontology expressions, respectively. We provide a uniform __annotation language__ for identifying resource objects and specifying ontology expressions. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p8(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, x). |
| + }}} |
| At line 62 added 9 lines. |
| + Resource variables can be used outside of the current iteration |
| + context (i.e., the enclosing {{foreach}} expression). In this |
| + case, the current iteration context is used to determine the |
| + particular resource values that are accessed. Note that it is possible |
| + for multiple properties to be created when the resource variables are |
| + outside of the iteration context. For example, the following pattern |
| + assigns to each instance associated with {{x}}, a property |
| + {{P}} for each of {{x}}'s corresponding |
| + {{y}} values. |
| Line 64 was replaced by lines 387-391 |
| - Some resources (in particular, data sets and actors with input/output ports) can have complex data structures. For example, a data set typically is structured according to a schema, which specifies among other things a relation name (that is, the name of the table) and names for each attribute of the relation and their data types. Actor ports can also have complex structure, including arbitrarily nested relations. The annotation language facilitates the selection of the various (sub-) objects of structured resources. The entire resource itself can also be selected using the annotation language. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="$R.y"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 66 was replaced by lines 393-395 |
| - The annotation language has two forms: an abbreviated syntax, and a more complex, full syntax. |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x value of R, create |
| + an instance of C that has a property P with value y, for each unique y |
| + value of x"[7]. The corresponding first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| Line 68 was replaced by lines 397-400 |
| - ! The Abbreviated Annotation-Language Syntax |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p9(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, y). |
| + }}} |
| Line 70 was replaced by lines 402-409 |
| - For expressing annotation objects, the abbreviated syntax permits the following atoms given a resource label {{T}} and attributes {{A1}} to {{An}}. |
| + In this case, if a particular {{x}} value has multiple |
| + {{y}} values, each such {{y}} value will result in a |
| + {{P}} property. Note that if {{x}} and |
| + {{y}} were not related, (e.g., if the expressions were |
| + {{R1.x}} and {{R2.y}}, respectively), the result |
| + would be a cross-product in which every {{x}} value would be |
| + {{P}}-related to every {{y}} value. For example, the |
| + following pattern: |
| Line 73 was replaced by lines 412-415 |
| - T |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R1.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="$R2.y"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 75 was replaced by lines 417-419 |
| - T.A1 |
| + corresponds to the following first-order rule, assuming |
| + {{R1}} and {{R2}} both represent relation |
| + {{R}}: |
| Line 77 was replaced by lines 421-424 |
| - T.A1.A2. ... .An |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axvzwyt) R(x, v, z), R(w, y, t), u=id_p10(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C), |
| + triple(u, ont:P, y). |
| + }}} |
| At line 78 added 17 lines. |
| + In an instantiation pattern, {{value}} expressions must |
| + evaluate to a single value. Although not considered here, it may be |
| + useful to define functions for use in {{value}} expressions, |
| + such as concatenation, addition, and so on. |
| + |
| + __Conditional Properties.__ A {{property}} statement |
| + can be conditionally applied using an {{if}} expression. In |
| + particular, the conditions of the {{if}} expression must hold |
| + for the {{property}} to be added to the corresponding |
| + individual. For example, the following pattern only adds |
| + {{P}} to the individual if {{x}} is a positive |
| + value. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="$R.x" if="R.x>0"/> |
| + </individual> |
| At line 80 added 1 line. |
| + This patterns must be represented using two first-order rules: |
| Line 82 was replaced by lines 447-451 |
| - The atom {{T}} selects corresponding objects of the resource. For example, if the resource is a data set, {{T}} selects the tuple objects of the resource. If the resource is an actor, {{T}} selects instances of the actor. The expression {{T.A1}} selects the nested {{A1}} objects for objects of {{T}}. For {{T}} representing a data set, {{T.A1}} selects the values of attribute {{A1}} for tuples of {{T}}. The last atom selects nested attributes for complex structures occuring, for example, in actor input/output ports. For instance, if {{T}} represents an input port to some actor[1], {{T.A1.A2}} selects the {{A2}} objects nested within {{A1}} objects for {{T}} objects. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), u=id_p11(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C). |
| + |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z), x>0, u=id_p11(x) -> triple(u, ont:P, x). |
| + }}} |
| Line 84 was replaced by lines 453-483 |
| - Atoms can be combined to form expressions. In particular, an expression is composed of: (a) a single atom or (b) a comma-separated list atoms of the form {{T.A1}} or {{T.A1.A2. ... An}}. |
| + Thus, the condition on the property does not affect whether the |
| + individual is created, only whether the individual has a |
| + {{P}} property. Using property conditions, it is possible to |
| + define simple mappings from resource values to standard property |
| + values, e.g., for converting coded values in a dataset to their |
| + corresponding "full" names. |
| + |
| + Like with conditions on {{individual}} statements, no |
| + restrictions are placed on the variables that can be used in |
| + {{property}} statement conditions. Variables used in |
| + property conditions that are outside the iteration context of the |
| + property, with the exception of variables within {{value}} |
| + expressions[8], require only one associated value to |
| + satisfy the condition for the property to be applied (again, similar |
| + to the {{ANY}} keyword in SQL). |
| + |
| + |
| + !!3.3 Complex Instantiation Patterns |
| + |
| + We have described two mechanisms to link individuals to object |
| + properties: through {{valuetype}} expressions that generate |
| + new, anonymous individuals "in place"; and through {{value}} |
| + expressions containing pre-defined individual identifiers. Here, we |
| + introduce the use of __pattern labels__ and |
| + __pattern references__ to additionally |
| + allow object properties to link to individuals created in other |
| + instantiation patterns. |
| + |
| + __Pattern Labels.__ Each individual instantiation pattern can |
| + be assigned a unique label. For example, the following pattern is |
| + assigned the label 'o1'. |
| Line 86 was replaced by lines 485-487 |
| - In the abbreviated syntax, ontology expressions can only consist of a single concept label {{C}}. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual label="o1" type="ont:C" foreach="DISTINCT R.x"/> |
| + }}} |
| Line 88 was replaced by line 489 |
| - To illustrate, consider the following semantic-type definition for a data-set resource. |
| + The first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| Line 91 was replaced by lines 492-493 |
| - <sms:SemanticType id="mySemType" xmlns:sms="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/sms" xmlns:ont="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/seek/ontos/DefaultOnto#"> |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) u=o1(x) -> triple(u, rdf:type, ont:C). |
| + }}} |
| Lines 93-98 were replaced by lines 495-510 |
| - <sms:Label name="crops" resource="KBS019-003"/> |
| - <sms:Label name="Measurement" resource="ont:Measurement"/> |
| - <sms:Label name="Biomass" resource="ont:Biomass"/> |
| - <sms:Label name="Species" resource="ont:Species"/> |
| - <sms:Label name="Year" resource="ont:Year"/> |
| - <sms:Label name="Location" resource="ont:Location"/> |
| + The use of labels in this way does not change the interpretation |
| + of the pattern, thus, the first-order rule associated with this |
| + pattern is the same as above (p1). However, for convenience, we use |
| + the label name as the Skolem function here. |
| + |
| + __Referencing Patterns.__ Properties can reference patterns |
| + using pattern labels in {{value}} expressions[9]. To distinguish pattern references from constants |
| + and resource variables, pattern references are prefixed with an '@' |
| + sign. For example, the following pattern contains a reference to the |
| + pattern labeled 'o1' above. |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual label="o2" type="ont:D" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.y"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="@o1"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Lines 100-104 were replaced by lines 512-515 |
| - <sms:Annotation object="crops" meaning="Measurement"/> |
| - <sms:Annotation object="crops.bm" meaning="Biomass"/> |
| - <sms:Annotation object="crops.spp" meaning="Species"/> |
| - <sms:Annotation object="crops.yr" meaning="Year"/> |
| - <sms:Annotation object="crops.station" meaning="Location"/> |
| + This pattern can be read as "For each unique x, y (tuple) value |
| + pair in R, create an instance of D that has a property P to the |
| + corresponding instance of C." The first-order rule for this pattern |
| + is: |
| Line 106 was replaced by lines 517-519 |
| - </sms:SemanticType> |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) u=o1(x), v=o2(x, y) -> triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D), |
| + triple(v, ont:P, u). |
| Line 109 was replaced by lines 522-533 |
| - In this simple example, we (1) associate the label {{crops}} to the data-set resource identifed as {{KBS019-003}}, (2) associate the remaining labels to corresponding ontology concepts (simplifying their identifiers using XML namespaces), (3) state with the first annotation that each {{crops}} tuple is a {{Measurement}} instance, (4) state with the second annotation that each {{bm}} attribute value is a {{Biomass}} instance, (5) state with the thrid annotation that each {{spp}} attribute value is a {{Species}} instance, and so on. |
| + As with resource variables, pattern references are interpreted |
| + with respect to the current iteration context. In this example, |
| + because {{P}}'s iteration context is "R.x, R.y" and |
| + {{o1}}'s iteration context is "R.x" (i.e., {{o1}}'s |
| + {{foreach}} expression is contained in {{P}}'s |
| + enclosing {{foreach}} expression), the added {{P}} |
| + property is assigned the individual corresponding to the current |
| + {{x}} value of the iteration context. |
| + |
| + The iteration context of a property is not required to be a |
| + superset of its referenced pattern. For example, in the following |
| + pattern: |
| At line 110 added 5 lines. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual label="o3" type="ont:D" foreach="DISTINCT R.y, R.z"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="@o1"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| At line 111 added 9 lines. |
| + each unique {{y}}, {{z}} pair for {{R}} |
| + will be assigned a property {{P}} for every corresponding |
| + {{x}} value of the pair. Note that in this example, any given |
| + {{y}}, {{z}} pair may have multiple associated |
| + {{x}} values. |
| + |
| + Also, the iteration context of a property only applies to the |
| + referenced pattern, and does __not__ apply to additionally nested |
| + pattern references. For example, consider the following two patterns. |
| At line 112 added 8 lines. |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual label="o5" type="ont:E" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.z"> |
| + <property type="ont:Q" value="@o4"/> |
| + </individual> |
| + |
| + <individual label="o4" type="ont:D" foreach="DISTINCT R.y"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="@o1"/> |
| + </individual> |
| At line 113 added 1 line. |
| + }}} |
| Line 115 was replaced by line 562 |
| - ! Semantic-Type Definitions |
| + The corresponding first-order rules for these patterns are: |
| Line 117 was replaced by lines 564-566 |
| - For convenience, we permit ontology concept definitions to be directly included within a semantic type using the {{Definitions}} element. The purpose of this features is to allow one to specialize certain concepts to more accurately annotate objects, without having to go through the process of creating a new ontology, or editing an existing one. These concept definitions are expressed using OWL[2]. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) u=o1(x), v=o4(y) -> triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D), |
| + triple(v, ont:P, u). |
| Line 119 was replaced by lines 568-570 |
| - To illustrate, the previous semantic type is shown below with an embedded concept. (Note that to simplify the definition below we take liberty with the use of namespaces in OWL). This embedded concept definition states that {{MyMeasurement}} is both a {{Measurement}} and a {{SubjectiveObservation}}. |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) v=o4(y), w=o5(x, z) -> triple(w, rdf:type, ont:E), |
| + triple(w, ont:Q, v). |
| + }}} |
| At line 120 added 5 lines. |
| + Thus, although property values containing pattern references are |
| + assigned values from within the context of the enclosing |
| + {{foreach}} expression, each distinct pattern is still |
| + executed within its own context. To illustrate, let {{R}} be |
| + defined as follows. |
| Lines 123-127 were replaced by lines 579-583 |
| - <sms:SemanticType id="mySemType" xmlns:sms="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/sms" |
| - xmlns:ont="http://seek.ecoinformatics.org/seek/ontos/DefaultOnto#" |
| - xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" |
| - xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" |
| - xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"> |
| + x y z |
| + --- --- --- |
| + 1 4 8 |
| + 2 4 9 |
| + }}} |
| Line 129 was replaced by line 585 |
| - <sms:Label name="Crops" resource="KBS019-003"/> |
| + The triples created from pattern {{o1}} are: |
| Lines 131-140 were replaced by lines 587-590 |
| - <sms:Label name="MyMeasurement"> |
| - <sms:Resource sms:resourceType="OWL"> |
| - <owl:equivalentClass> |
| - <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> |
| - <owl:Class rdf:resource="ont:Measurement"/> |
| - <owl:Class rdf:resource="ont:SubjectiveObservation"/> |
| - </owl:intersectionOf> |
| - </owl:equivalentClass> |
| - </sms:Resource> |
| - </sms:Label> |
| + {{{ |
| + triple(o1(1), rdf:type, ont:C) |
| + triple(o1(2), rdf:type, ont:C) |
| + }}} |
| Line 142 was replaced by line 592 |
| - ... |
| + The triples created from pattern {{o4}} are: |
| Line 144 was replaced by lines 594-598 |
| - <sms:Annotation object="Crops" meaning="MyMeasurement"/> |
| + {{{ |
| + triple(o4(4), rdf:type, ont:D) |
| + triple(o4(4), ont:P, o1(1)) |
| + triple(o4(4), ont:P, o1(2)) |
| + }}} |
| Line 146 was replaced by line 600 |
| - ... |
| + And the triples created from pattern {{o5}} are: |
| Line 148 was replaced by lines 602-606 |
| - </sms:SemanticType> |
| + {{{ |
| + triple(o5(1, 8), rdf:type, ont:E) |
| + triple(o5(1, 8), ont:Q, o4(4)) |
| + triple(o5(2, 9), rdf:type, ont:E) |
| + triple(o5(2, 9), ont:Q, o4(4)) |
| At line 150 added 20 lines. |
| + Notice that both individuals of pattern {{o5}} are |
| + {{Q}}-related to the same {{o4}} |
| + individual. Similarly, this {{o4}} individual is |
| + {{P}}-related to both individuals of {{o1}}, |
| + corresponding to __both__ {{x}} values of |
| + {{R}}, and thus going "out of context" for pattern |
| + {{o5}}. |
| + |
| + To use the iteration context of {{o5}} for |
| + {{o1}} while still generating intermediate instances of |
| + {{D}}, we can use the following pattern, combining |
| + {{o5}} and {{o4}}: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual label="o6" type="ont:E" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.z"> |
| + <property type="ont:Q" valuetype="ont:D"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="@o1"/> |
| + </property> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 152 was replaced by line 630 |
| - ! Full Annotation-Language Syntax |
| + The corresponding first-order rule for this pattern is: |
| Line 154 was replaced by lines 632-637 |
| - The full annotation-language syntax provides access to various parts of a complex structure and the ability to assign those parts to ontology expressions. To support a wide variety of complex structures -- the primary ones including relational, XML, and Ptolemy types -- we consider a generic data model consisting of nested-relational-style constructs. In addition, we permit multi-valued attributes in which an attribute can have an associated collection of values. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) u=o1(x), w=o6(x, z) -> (Ev) triple(w, rdf:type, ont:E), |
| + triple(w, ont:Q, v), |
| + triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D), |
| + triple(v, ont:P, u). |
| + }}} |
| Line 156 was replaced by lines 639-649 |
| - The abbreviated annotation-language syntax is shorthand for a subset of the full syntax. In the full syntax, resource expressions consist of lists of atoms (separated by commas) taking one of the following forms. |
| + Note that in this case, however, we generate only one |
| + {{D}} instance per {{x}}, {{z}} |
| + pair,(instead of one for every value of {{y}}. Also, with |
| + pattern {{o6}}, we can no longer reference the {{D}} |
| + instances in other patterns. |
| + |
| + __Property Iteration and Labels__. It is also possible to apply |
| + {{foreach}} expressions to {{property}} statements, |
| + e.g., allowing one to additionally specify how intermediate |
| + individuals, for cases like {{o6}} above, should be |
| + constructed. For example, the following pattern: |
| Line 159 was replaced by lines 652-657 |
| - x:T |
| + <individual label="o7" type="ont:E" foreach="DISTINCT R.x, R.z"> |
| + <property type="ont:Q" valuetype="ont:D" foreach="DISTINCT R.y" label="o8"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="@o1"/> |
| + </property> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 161 was replaced by line 659 |
| - x[A1=y] |
| + results in the first-order rule: |
| At line 162 added 6 lines. |
| + {{{ |
| + (Axyz) R(x, y, z) u=o1(x), w=o7(x, z), v=o8(x, y, z) -> |
| + triple(w, rdf:type, ont:E), |
| + triple(w, ont:Q, v), |
| + triple(v, rdf:type, ont:D), |
| + triple(v, ont:P, u). |
| Line 165 was replaced by lines 669-687 |
| - Here, symbols {{x}} and {{y}} denote either constants or variables. Variables are prefixed with a $ sign. Constants that contain spaces must be delimited using single quotes. For {{x}} and {{y}} constants, the atom {{x:T}} is true if {{x}} is a {{T}} object, and the atom {{x[[A1=y]}} is true if {{x}} is an object that has {{y}} as one of its {{A1}} attribute values. |
| + As shown, labels may also be applied to intermediate individuals |
| + (via their corresponding {{property}} statements), allowing |
| + these individuals to be referenced from within other patterns. In this |
| + case, the iteration context of the nested pattern is the union of its |
| + {{foreach}} expression with each of its ancestor's |
| + {{foreach}} expressions. |
| + |
| + |
| + !!!Glossary |
| + |
| + ;Semantic Annotation: A mapping from a resource to an instance(s) of an ontology(ies). Semantic annotations in our framework have identifiers as well as associated metadata (who created the annotation, and so on). |
| + |
| + ;Resource: A structured information source with a defined schema. Can be a dataset or a service, such as a workflow, actor, or web-service. |
| + |
| + ;Ontology: Here, by ontology we mean an OWL-based representation of a set of concepts, properties, and constraints (axioms). |
| + |
| + ;Semantic Annotation Template: A set of instantiation patterns within a particular semantic annotation. |
| + |
| + ;Instantiation Pattern: An XML-based specification of a mapping from portions of a resource to instances of an ontology. |
| Line 167 was replaced by line 689 |
| - Atoms can be composed to form more complex expressions as follows. Atoms {{x:T}} and {{x[[A1=y]}} can be composed to form the expression {{x:T[[A1=y]}}. Atoms {{x[[A1=y]}} and {{x[[A2=z}} can be composed to form the expression {{x[[A1=y, A2=z]}}. In a similar way, atoms and expressions (or multiple expressions) can be composed to form additional expressions. |
| + ;Prefix Label: A label used to represent an ontology location. |
| Line 169 was replaced by line 691 |
| - The same syntax is used to describe the meaning of an annotation. In paricular, {{T}} must be a concept label, and A1 a property label. |
| + ;Resource Variable: An attribute of a resource, which in an annotation template takes the form 'R.x' (or more generally a path expression 'R.x1.x2...xn' for nested relations). |
| Line 171 was replaced by line 693 |
| - The meaning of a full annotation can be interpreted as follows. Define {{var}} function. Then we have {{forall var(...) ... -> exists var(...) ...}} |
| + ;Iteration Context: The set of resource variables, or current variable bindings (as the pattern is being executed), for a property or condition in an instantiation pattern. The iteration context is determined by the enclosing {{foreach}} expression of the item in question. |
| Line 173 was replaced by line 695 |
| - For instance, ... give the one from above and notice the difference in clarity. |
| + ;Pattern Label: A label assigned to a template instantiation pattern. |
| At line 174 added 1 line. |
| + ;Pattern Reference: A reference to a template instantiation pattern (using a pattern label) from within an object property in another (or possibly the same) pattern. |
| At line 176 added 1 line. |
| + !!!Footnotes |
| At line 177 added 19 lines. |
| + [#1] In OWL, instances of classes are called 'individuals.' |
| + |
| + [#2] Alternatively, we could use anonymous identifiers for generated OWL individuals. However, using explicit as opposed to anonymous identifiers has a number of advantages, e.g., identifiers can be used for "provenance" (that is, using conventions for identifier names one could go from the created OWL individuals back to the resource item used to generte the resource), and also make it easier to formalize the interpretation of patterns in first-order logic. |
| + |
| + [#3] The examples of resources in this document are assumed to be relational data sets. However, the approach described here can be used with a variety of resource structures, including nested relational data (e.g., like in XML). |
| + |
| + [#4] By default, variables in {{foreach}} expressions that are null in the resource do not generate corresponding ontology class instances. |
| + |
| + [#5] We use the notation {{(Axy)}} for universal quantification over variables {{x}} and {{y}}; {{(Exy)}} for existential quantification over variables {{x}} and {{y}}; and {{->}} for implication. |
| + |
| + [#6] Note that the use of {{property}} expressions in this way is useful for cases in which the property is either (i) not defined (or optional) in the ontology for the associated class, or (ii) is a required property, but the {{valuetype}} expression gives a subclass of the property's defined range. |
| + |
| + [#7] Implicitly, this pattern is equivalent to the pattern: |
| + |
| + {{{ |
| + <individual type="ont:C" foreach="R.x"> |
| + <property type="ont:P" value="$R.y" foreach="R.y"> |
| + </individual> |
| + }}} |
| Line 179 was replaced by line 722 |
| - ---- |
| + That is, for each unique {{x}}, {{y}} pair, assign a {{P}} property with value {{y}} to the corresponding {{C}} instance. Additional uses of {{foreach}} attributes on properties are discussed later. |
| Line 181 was replaced by line 724 |
| - [#1] We note that actor ports may not always be represented as an identifiable resource, and instead may be modeled as components of an actor. For example, consider an actor ''A'' having two ports ''P1'' and ''P2''. For the case where ''P1'' and ''P2'' are not separate resources, we can define the structural type of ''A'' as having two attributes {{P1}} and {{P2}} where {{A.P1}} denotes port ''P1'' and {{A.P2}} denotes port ''P2''. |
| + [#8] Because the variable used within a {{value}} attribute is implicitly carried over to the {{property}} statement's {{foreach}} expression (see [7]), these resource variables are considered to be part of the {{property}} statement's iteration context. |
| Line 183 was replaced by line 726 |
| - [#2] Perhaps originally converted from a Sparrow expression. |
| + [#9] Pattern references can be cyclic, i.e., a property within a pattern p can contain a property that refers to p. |
